ABSTRACT: Series of tests on saturated sandy soil under undrained and drained shearing conditions, with various relative densities by means of ring shear apparatus were carried out to investigate the shear zone development process. The macroscopic structural observations were conducted through “SOBO method” by capturing the oven-dried samples using a camcorder/digital camera. This observation revealed that for dense sand, the shear zone starts to develop at failure and the thickness increases by progress of shear displace-ment. While for loose sand no obvious developed shear zone at peak shear strength. In the beginning of shear zone formation, the shape of the shear zone was refined concavely with distinct undulating structure (secondary) which gradually changed to become parallel when shear displacement proceed. Fur-ther shearing the shape of shear zone was refined convexly with unrecognizable shear surface. Another interesting phenomenon obtained by this study is that when sandy soils has been sheared until reaching the steady state, the coarse and the fine-particles (including the result of grain crushing) within the shear zone became separated by segregation process. At this state, the core part

From : The 33rd Annual Convention & Exhibition 2004 Indonesian Association of Geologist

Conservation International, which sponsored and led both the devil dog and terrestrial area research, is proposing additional field studies, and these are clearly justified. Nowadays, Papua might well be considered a lost world for novel biodiversity, and the situation is such that a province-wide biological survey (both marine and terrestrial) is warranted.

Coal companies would rather keep opening up a mountain similar taking the top off an egg. Coal dust settles like pollen over the playground. Nearly three billion gallons of coal slurry, which contains extremely high levels of mercury, cadmium, and nickel, are stored behind a 385-foot-high earthen dam right above the school.

Mountaintop removal mining is reshaping the economic system, culture and landscape of much of Appalachia. Lauded by mining companies as a safer, more efficient way to produce coal, this ramped-up strip mining has stirred protests from environmentalists and residents.

Mountain fens are drying up, which thinks of that sedge and grass flora is growing denser, new species are migrating in, and in some places glorious alpine meadows are appearing. At the highest elevations, formerly the domain of sterile gravel and boulders, fens are occurring.

Coal mining and industrial work can be very serious, as there are numerous occupational hazards that can make catastrophic injury or death. If you have been injured in a coal mining or industrial accident, you accept legal rights. Coal mining has a long and distinguished history in America.

The story of coal in this nation is one of hardship and triumph. Coal mining activity has been verified in 32 localities within 18 coal mining areas/regions. The current tally of historical coal mine sites stands at 316.

Coal mining can cause a water pollution called Acid mine drainage (AMD); a metal-rich water formed from the chemical reaction between water and rocks containing sulfur-bearing minerals. While AMD usually forms in areas where coal mining has taken place, metal-rich drainage can also occur in mineralized areas that have not been mined.

Coal mining injures regarding back injuries, brain injuries , head injuries, spinal cord injuries, amputations, burns , broken or crushed bones, silicosis, and a host of other injures, can prevent a miner from ever returning to work.

West Virginia coal mining lawyers are committed to ensuring that injured coal miners receive the compensation they deserve for their injuries. Coal mining is a dangerous business, but it has also produced great rewards. The United States is home to the most known coal reserves of any other nation, and this has made coal the nation’s primary source of energy.

1. Feldspar
Feldspar scattered enough in Indonesia, among others in Banjarnegara, Blitar, Lebak, Wai Sulan (Lampung), Tambu (Central Sulawesi), and Studios (West Kalimantan).
Most of the consumption of feldspar materials used for ceramic body, the rest for steel products, glass, cement and others.

2. Limestone
Limestone spread almost evenly in the Indonesian archipelago.
Batugamping consumption for raw materials used for cement raw materials, the remaining lime industry, chemical and others.

3. Bentonite
Bentonite in the form of Ca-Bentonite is found in Indonesia, among others in Tasikmalaya, Pacitan, Ponorogo, Boyolali, Bangko, Lebak and Sukabumi.
Most of the consumption of bentonite is used for cooking oil processing, the rest for drilling mud, printed materials and other

4. Kaolin
Kaolin is generally located in the western part of Indonesia, namely in Bangka, Belitung, Sambas, Singkawang, and Blitar.

5. Dolomite
Dolomite is spread quite a lot in Indonesia, among others in Tamiang (Aceh), Jakarta, Tuban and Gresik.
Dolomite is used for fertilizer materials, the rest for glass products, etc.

6. Quartz
Quartz sand are found in the western part of Indonesia, among others in Bangka, Belitung, Inderagiri Lower, Upper Inderagiri, Asahan, Sukabumi, Jakarta, Rembang, and Sambas.
Most of the consumption of quartz sand used for cement raw materials, the rest for glass products, ceramic and others.

7. Gypsum
Gypsum in Indonesia has limited the spread of the Lamongan, Bojonegoro, Tasikmalaya, and SOPENG.
Most of the consumption is used in the form of raw material for cement raw materials, ceramics and the rest for other

8. Phosphate
Phosphate in Indonesia is limited to the type of guano phosphate, found in Ciamis, Bogor, Tasikmalaya, Kandangan, P. Buton etc.
Most of the consumption of raw materials used for fertilizer, the rest for chemical products and others.

9. Sulfur
Sulfur in Indonesia is very limited accumulation of the volcano area in North Sumatra, Bengkulu, West Java, Central Java, East Java, and Sulawesi.
Most of the consumption is used for the chemical industry, the rest for paper products, fertilizer, sugar industry and other

10. Batuapung (volcanic rock)
Batuapung found in volcanic regions of Quaternary to Tertiary age, which is in Serang, Lampung, Sukabumi, Lombok, and Ternate.
Most of batuapung consumption is used for ornamentation, the rest for textiles, food products and beverages and others.

11. Zeolites
Zeolites are in Lebak, Bogor, Sukabumi, Tasikmalaya, Malang, Polmas (South Sulawesi) and South Lampung.
Most of the consumption of zeolite is used for agriculture, chemical products, fodder (, fertilizers, etc.

12. Marble
There are quite a lot of marble in Indonesia, among others in Tulung Agung, Trenggalek, South Lampung, Padalarang, Muna Island, East Nusa Tenggara, and North Sulawesi.
Consumption is used for tiles, decorative items, furniture and others.

13. Tras
Tras spread quite a lot in Indonesia, among others in West Java, South Lampung, West Sumatra, and Jayapura.

Some metal deposition or mineralization contained area of South Sulawesi is the Kuroko type deposits located in Sangkaropi, Tana Toraja, and sediment Cu-Au porpiri, located in Sasak, Tana Toraja Regency, the gold deposits found in the area Latimojong Kab. Luwu, nickel deposits are in Soroako, East Luwu and many more types of mineralization found in the area of South Sulawesi.

Sampling methods include tungsten deposits
1. Field sampling
Sample is taken from the vein quartz (sulphide ore) which contain the basic metals such as tungsten, magnetite, kalkopirit, Galena and haematite, gold and pyrite.
2. Analysis petrograpbic and Pima.
The aim was to determine rock types and alteration found in the investigation.
3. Fluid inclusion analysis
The aim was to determine the temperature and depth of mineralization in the formation of the investigation.
4. Methods Mineralogy grains analyst
This method used to determine the mineral association (in the form of mineral grains) found in an area mineralization.

The Batu Hijau porphyry copper-gold deposit is situated in southwest Sumbawa Island, Indonesia that it is a world-class deposit of copper and gold, containing mineable reserves of 914 million tonnes grading 0.525 % Cu and 0.403 g/t Au (Clode et al., 1999). The Batu Hijau deposit lies along the tectonically active east-west trending Sunda-Banda magmatic arc. The western part of the Sunda-Banda arc is mostly mineralised by low-sulphidation epithermal systems, e.g. Mangani, Lebong Tandai and Lebok Donok in Sumatra as well as Gunung Pongkor, Cikidang and Cirotan in West Java. The mineralisation style changes to the east (e.g. Central-East Java and Sumbawa Island), which is is marked by discovery of the Porphyry-type at Selogiri area (Central Java) (Imai et al., 2007) and the Batu Hijau porphyry deposit in Sumbawa Island (Maula and Levet, 1996). The southwestern part of Sumbawa Island is underlain by Late Oligocene to Middle Miocene low-K calc-alkaline to weakly alkaline andesitic volcaniclastic rocks, associated with low-K intermediate intrusions and minor shallow marine sedimentary rocks and limestones. The low-K intrusions include porphyritic andesite, hornblende diorite, quartz diorites and tonalite porphyries.

Copper and gold mineralisation is closely related to the emplacement of the tonalite porphyry intrusions. During the emplacement and cooling of the causative tonalite porphyry intrusions, the magmatic hydrothermal fluids are exsolved and interact with the wall rocks, mixing with meteoric waters and form multiple stages of alteration zones. The nature of ore-related fluids is an essential issue in the study of mineral deposits. Three approaches are commonly used to constrain the characteristics of the ore fluids: stable isotopes, fluid inclusions and mineral chemistry. Stable isotope study is mostly employed to determine the source of ore fluids. Mineral chemistry and fluid inclusion are utilised to evaluate the physicochemistry and evolution of the ore-related hydrothermal fluids (e.g. Walshe, 1986; Zhu and Sverjensky, 1992 and Yang and Lentz, 2005).