Earthquake insurance is a prope insurance that earningses the policyholder in the case of an earthquake that showcases damage to the property.
Before you buying earthquake insurance, please use this tips
1. The better ways to protect your investment funds in your house is to retrofit and buy quake insurance If you domiciliate in a quake-prone region.
2. Key factors to decision whether or not to buy EQ insurancere are:
a) the financial of the companies that will trade it to you,
b) the features and pricing by their insurances,
c) the number of equity you’ve in your home,
d) your proximity to a geological fault zone, and;
e) the mature and style of structure of your home and foundation.
3. If you decide to buy EQ insurance, shop for limits that are adequate to fully replace your property, engineering costs, required improvements to comply with building codes, temporary living expenses, outbuildings, etc.
4. Insurance policy with 10% as opposed to the measure 15% deductible are now available but of course they’re more expensive. The cost and richly deductibles for EQ policies has led more people to avoid buying the product.
5. Don’t accept that Federal Emergency Management Agency, the SBA and/or private charities will bail you out with funds to rebuild after a major disaster.
Earthquake insurance
September 25th, 2009Mineral industries in Indonesia
September 15th, 2009Mineral industries in Indonesia are
1. Feldspar
Feldspar scattered enough in Indonesia, among others in Banjarnegara, Blitar, Lebak, Wai Sulan (Lampung), Tambu (Central Sulawesi), and Studios (West Kalimantan).
Most of the consumption of feldspar materials used for ceramic body, the rest for steel products, glass, cement and others.
2. Limestone
Limestone spread almost evenly in the Indonesian archipelago.
Batugamping consumption for raw materials used for cement raw materials, the remaining lime industry, chemical and others.
3. Bentonite
Bentonite in the form of Ca-Bentonite is found in Indonesia, among others in Tasikmalaya, Pacitan, Ponorogo, Boyolali, Bangko, Lebak and Sukabumi.
Most of the consumption of bentonite is used for cooking oil processing, the rest for drilling mud, printed materials and other
4. Kaolin
Kaolin is generally located in the western part of Indonesia, namely in Bangka, Belitung, Sambas, Singkawang, and Blitar.
5. Dolomite
Dolomite is spread quite a lot in Indonesia, among others in Tamiang (Aceh), Jakarta, Tuban and Gresik.
Dolomite is used for fertilizer materials, the rest for glass products, etc.
6. Quartz
Quartz sand are found in the western part of Indonesia, among others in Bangka, Belitung, Inderagiri Lower, Upper Inderagiri, Asahan, Sukabumi, Jakarta, Rembang, and Sambas.
Most of the consumption of quartz sand used for cement raw materials, the rest for glass products, ceramic and others.
7. Gypsum
Gypsum in Indonesia has limited the spread of the Lamongan, Bojonegoro, Tasikmalaya, and SOPENG.
Most of the consumption is used in the form of raw material for cement raw materials, ceramics and the rest for other
8. Phosphate
Phosphate in Indonesia is limited to the type of guano phosphate, found in Ciamis, Bogor, Tasikmalaya, Kandangan, P. Buton etc.
Most of the consumption of raw materials used for fertilizer, the rest for chemical products and others.
9. Sulfur
Sulfur in Indonesia is very limited accumulation of the volcano area in North Sumatra, Bengkulu, West Java, Central Java, East Java, and Sulawesi.
Most of the consumption is used for the chemical industry, the rest for paper products, fertilizer, sugar industry and other
10. Batuapung (volcanic rock)
Batuapung found in volcanic regions of Quaternary to Tertiary age, which is in Serang, Lampung, Sukabumi, Lombok, and Ternate.
Most of batuapung consumption is used for ornamentation, the rest for textiles, food products and beverages and others.
11. Zeolites
Zeolites are in Lebak, Bogor, Sukabumi, Tasikmalaya, Malang, Polmas (South Sulawesi) and South Lampung.
Most of the consumption of zeolite is used for agriculture, chemical products, fodder (, fertilizers, etc.
12. Marble
There are quite a lot of marble in Indonesia, among others in Tulung Agung, Trenggalek, South Lampung, Padalarang, Muna Island, East Nusa Tenggara, and North Sulawesi.
Consumption is used for tiles, decorative items, furniture and others.
13. Tras
Tras spread quite a lot in Indonesia, among others in West Java, South Lampung, West Sumatra, and Jayapura.
Modern geology of the Mahakam Delta
September 15th, 2009Mahakam Delta lies east of the Kutai Basin of deposenter fluvial deltaic since Early Miocene. Development of geomorphology and hydrology of the Mahakam River is influenced by the tertiary tectonics. Appointment fold path that began in the early Middle Miocene caused the Mahakam river incise anticlinorium Samarinda (Chambers & Daley, 1995; Ferguson & McClay, 1997). This results since the Middle Miocene Mahakam delta deposenter position remains on the beach.
Mahakam delta has formed since 5000 years ago, and it still accumulated sediments as thick as 50 to 70 meters as a regressive highstand delta system that downlap in sediments deltaic system transgresi Holocene and Late Pleistocene lowstand (Allen, et al., 1979).
In the triangular diagram of Galloway, Modern Mahakam Delta is an example of the delta formed by the balanced interaction between the river and tidal (Fig. 3). However, in reality certain areas of the Mahakam delta shows the process of tidal and wave in the zone may interdistributary abandoned bay and delta zone of northern Modern Mahakam Delta.
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September 14th, 2009Hydrogeomorphology
September 14th, 2009Hydrogeomorphology is a terminology that refer to how hydrogeological and geological conditions control the forming of karst landscape. However, the terminology acts on the contrary in the application of groundwater exploration, i.e. how the geomorphological and geological conditions control the distribution of karst aquifers, resurgences, and karst springs
In the third place, his research is on the plateau karst geomorphology units with a slope of rock layers that really horizontal (average <1o). Although already believed that the influence of ground water is a major factor in karstification, but few realize Kastning findings Kastning (1984) of which is that the regional karst mountains forming the terrace morphology (Topographic benches). Formation other than as a result of the differences that make up the mountains litologi the plateau (horizontal layers), is also suspected to be due karstifikasi development. Other findings is that for certain muscular control structure is most apparent in the control configuration of the cave passages in the research.
Yet despite the heavy main controls, Kastning (1984) found that the fault does not always act as a weak zone that will trigger the development of rock permeability. In some places fault lines of little or no effect on the development of the cave. Even at the fault lines up, the rocks have recrystallized to form impermeable surface, causing hidrogeologinya conditions do not develop.
Sedimentary Basins of Indonesia (Van Bemmelen)
September 14th, 2009The spread of Indonesian oil line first regionally proposed by van Bemmelen (1949). Van Bemmelen dividing lines or arbitrary basin into 11 points:
1. East Sumatra Belt (north, mid, south Sumatra)
2. West Sumatra Belt (fore-arc basins of Sumatra today)
3. SE Sunda Belt (mean SE Sundaland, including Java and Madura north, SE Borneo, E and NE Borneo Borneo, Sabah)
4. Central Borneo (Melawi-Ketungau)
5. West Celebes (Lariang, Karama, South Sulawesi)
6. East Arm Celebes (Banggai-Sula)
7. Buton
8. Timor-Seram (Banda arc current),
9. South New Guinea (stretching from the Bird’s Head-Lengguru-Asmat, Merauke)
10. Median New Guinea (Central Range),
11. North New Guinea (Sarera-Rombeba-Jayapura).
Van Bemmelen make this point based on the events seepage, oil fields, and the possibility of geology.
Microtremor
September 14th, 2009Microtremor basically a micro vibration of ambient ground motion, known as the earth noise, seismic noise or microseimic sourced from human activities (such as transport activities and industrial activities) and the natural vibration (such as wind and sea waves). Microtremor generally has an amplitude ranging from 1 to 10 micrometers.
Based on its period range, mikrotemor generally classified into two main sections namely;
1. Microtremor short period of analysis period microtemor with less than 1 second, related to the exploration of shallow subsurface structure (less than 100 meters from the surface).
2. Microtremor long period of analysis period microtremor with more than 1 second, related to the exploration of subsurface structure is more in the moment S wave velocity reaches 3500 m / s.
Currently Microtremor applications often used to estimate direct vibrational characteristics of the ground, one with a comparative analysis of the horizontal-vertical spectrum of recording microtremor (Nakamura, 1989) while another application is applied to exploration of subsurface structure determination of the depth and thickness of basement rocks Stratigraphy. In the case of subsurface exploration, in comparison with other geophysical methods microtermor has several advantages, among others; do not need artificial sources, exploration costs are relatively inexpensive, easy data acquisition and friendly to the environment. Because of its environmentally friendly and can use as a source of human activity, it is suitable microtremor in urban areas are densely populated and has any critical infrastructure and buildings.
Until now we have developed several methods to analyze the results of which are microtremor;
1. Analysis of spatial autocorrelation(Aki, 1957)
2. Analysis of the frequency spectrum and wave numbers (Capon, 1969)
3. Comparative analysis of the spectrum horizontal-vertical (H / V) (Nakamura, 1989)
In general, autocorrelation spatial analysis methods and analysis frequency spectrum and wave numbers are used to estimate the subsurface structure of the basement depth determination of layer thickness Stratigraphy and rock, while the comparative analysis horizontal-vertical spectrum is used to estimate ground vibrational characteristics.
Basin concept
September 14th, 2009Basement are the sedimentary layers at the earth’s surface overlie a complex of igneous and metamorphic rocks that in continental areas. A sedimentary basin occupies a depression in the basement surface. Geologists usually use the term “basin” to include both the depression itself and the thicker-than-average sediments that fill it.
Platforms or shelves areas that receive a normal veneer of sediment over the basement. Arches, which are located over regional basement uplifts, receive thinner-than-average sediment. Arches have persistent regional positive relief, platforms neutral relief, and basins negative relief with respect to their surroundings. However, these terms are defined without reference to topography, and a sedimentary basin need not be a marked topographic basin. It can occur as part of a mountain chain, on continental peneplains or in ocean areas. Conversely, a present-day deep ocean basin is not necessarily a sedimentary basin, since many are floored by igneous rock with only a veneer of sediment. Basins often change through time, and can undergo several distinct stages. They can evolve from one basin type into another. They can also develop in areas that were originally shelves and arches.
Planktonic foraminifera
September 14th, 2009Planktonic foraminifera are everywhere used as a tool for biostratigraphic purposes, but in some cases due to the unfavourable conditions they are not always present. Moreover these planktonic foraminifera are not always well preserved, oftenly indeterminable and undiagnostic. Thus another biostratigraphic tool is wise to be exposed.
Many investigations indicated that the benthonic foraminifera very useful in dating the sediment locally, beside the major use in the recognition of paleoenvironments. The ability to accurately determine environment is of fundamental importance in the oil industry since both hydrocarbon source rocks and reservoir rocks accumulate under rather restricted environmental condition.
Tungsten deposition
September 14th, 2009Tungsten deposition is a type of hydrothermal deposits that is rare in Indonesia. In Indonesia source sediment or tungsten mineralization is known in the area of Bangka Island. In this region tungsten mineralization has a close association with kasiterit. Deposition of this type generally found in the environment many granitic palace (continent) with an association of common minerals is kasiterit and molibdenit.
Some metal deposition or mineralization contained area of South Sulawesi is the Kuroko type deposits located in Sangkaropi, Tana Toraja, and sediment Cu-Au porpiri, located in Sasak, Tana Toraja Regency, the gold deposits found in the area Latimojong Kab. Luwu, nickel deposits are in Soroako, East Luwu and many more types of mineralization found in the area of South Sulawesi.
Sampling methods include tungsten deposits
1. Field sampling
Sample is taken from the vein quartz (sulphide ore) which contain the basic metals such as tungsten, magnetite, kalkopirit, Galena and haematite, gold and pyrite.
2. Analysis petrograpbic and Pima.
The aim was to determine rock types and alteration found in the investigation.
3. Fluid inclusion analysis
The aim was to determine the temperature and depth of mineralization in the formation of the investigation.
4. Methods Mineralogy grains analyst
This method used to determine the mineral association (in the form of mineral grains) found in an area mineralization.